It is illegal to buy or sell an organ anywhere in the world, with the exception of Iran, nevertheless, estimates suggest that around 10% of organs for transplantation come from illegal sources.
Most cases, however, go unreported, so the true number is likely to be much higher. Several countries, including Pakistan, Egypt, Bangladesh, India, Turkey, the Philippines and China, have been identified as centres of organ trafficking, but the trade in organs is a transnational operation. In its 2018 Global Report for Trafficking in Persons, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime identified more than 700 cases of organ trafficking, the majority in the Middle East and north Africa. A 2021 Interpol report claimed that organ trafficking was of particular concern in north and west Africa, “where impoverished communities and displaced populations are at greater risk of exploitation”. According to the Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation (GODT), only 10% of the global demand for transplants is met each year. Increased demand for kidney transplants, in particular, has been exacerbated by a shortage of altruistic donations and limited access to transplant services. This has led to an increased dependence on criminal networks that obtain organs from vulnerable individuals. There is a black market for organs including kidneys, corneas and liver lobes. Rising demand for kidneys is partly a result of the spread of so-called diseases of affluence – diabetes, hypertension, obesity – and the subsequent rise in kidney failure. According to the charity Kidney Care, in the UK, the waiting list for a kidney transplant has increased dramatically since the pandemic. Consequently, more people are travelling overseas for transplant surgery. In many countries that attract transplant tourists, kidneys are sourced from the bodies of the poor and disenfranchised.
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‘For me, there was no other choice’: inside the global illegal organ trade
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